14 DAY TRIAL // Why is the learning of new things fun? Neuroscientists have proposed a simple explanation: the brain is getting its fix. The "click" of comprehension triggers a biochemical cascade that rewards the brain with a shot of natural opium-like substances, said Irving Biederman of the University of Southern California.
"While you're trying to understand a difficult theorem, it's not fun," said Biederman, professor of neuroscience in the USC College of Letters, Arts and Sciences. "But once you get it, you just feel fabulous."
According to him the brain's craving for a fix motivates humans to maximize the rate at which they absorb knowledge. "I think we're exquisitely tuned to this as if we're junkies, second by second."
He also hypothesized that knowledge addiction has strong evolutionary value because individuals perceived as intelligent have more chances of getting a mate. Only more pressing material needs, such as hunger, can suspend the quest for knowledge, he added.
The same mechanism is involved in the aesthetic experience, providing a neurological explanation for the pleasure we derive from art. "This account may provide a plausible and very simple mechanism for aesthetic and perceptual and cognitive curiosity."
The details
Biederman's theory was inspired by a widely ignored 25-year-old finding that mu-opioid receptors - binding sites for natural opiates - increase in density along the ventral visual pathway, a part of the brain involved in image recognition and processing. The receptors are tightly packed in the areas of the pathway linked to comprehension and interpretation of images, but sparse in areas where visual stimuli first hit the cortex.
Biederman now says that the greater the neural activity in the areas rich in opioid receptors, the greater the pleasure.
In a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging trials with human volunteers exposed to a wide variety of images, Biederman's research group found that strongly preferred images prompted the greatest fMRI activity in more complex areas of the ventral visual pathway.
Biederman also found that repeated viewing of an attractive image lessened both the rating of pleasure and the activity in the opioid-rich areas, a phenomenon named "competitive learning." In competitive learning the first presentation of an image activates many neurons, some are strongly activated and a greater number are only weakly activated. With repetition of the image, the connections to the strongly activated neurons grow in strength. But the strongly activated neurons inhibit their weakly activated neighbors, causing a net reduction in activity. This reduction in activity, Biederman's research shows, parallels the decline in the pleasure felt during repeated viewing.
"One advantage of competitive learning is that the inhibited neurons are now free to code for other stimulus patterns," Biederman writes. "The system is essentially designed to maximize the rate at which you acquire new but interpretable [understandable] information. Once you have acquired the information, you best spend your time learning something else. There's this incredible selectivity that we show in real time. Without thinking about it, we pick out experiences that are richly interpretable but novel."
Biederman said that the theory, while currently tested only in the visual system, is also likely to apply to other senses as well.