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July 2nd, 2006, 09:18 GMT · By Alexandra Lupu

Our Personality - Is It Genetically Inherited or Determined by The Environmental Factors?

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The main difference among individuals lies in their personality. One's personality consists in his/her general profile or in the special combination of psychological traits of character that refer to his/her unique nature. One's unique combination of psychological features leads to the way in which that specific person reacts and interacts with the others or the environment. One's personality includes a set of mental characteristics
which reflect the way in which a person thinks, acts and feels.

Many specialists have asked themselves which is the main factor that determines personality: is personality genetically inherited or developed gradually through experience?

I am sure all of us have repeatedly heard remarks such as: "He acts exactly like his father!" or "He behaves like that because this is how he was brought up!" And this is when the controversy appears: which is more important when developing your personality - human nature or education? Does one's personality depend on heredity through genetic inheritance or on the environment in which someone leads his/her life?

According to psychologists, the most reasonable answer of all is neither one, nor the other, but the interaction of the two - the genetic and the environmental/educational/experience factor.

Therefore, heredity establishes the limits of one's personality traits that can be developed, while the environment - represented by the cultural, social and situational factors - influence the actual development within the limits.

Cultural factors are related to the cultural values earned by someone in the course of his/her life, especially during the period when his/her personality is formed. These cultural values have a great impact upon an individual's behavior. For example, a person that is fond of reading or any other form of art will behave more elegantly than someone that does not manifest any interest in culture. Obviously, the latter will be more insensitive and will have a more violent behavior than the former.

Social factors are represented by family, religion and the groups of people one has made part of through the years.

Situational factors emphasize or diminish some aspects of one's personality. For example, a person that has experienced recently one failure after another would not wish to be involved in another project - at least for a period of time - even if this particular one might be successful.

Personality-related psychological research and studies are grouped in three main groups: nomotetic, idiographic and complementary approaches to personality.

Nomotetic approaches are based on the tendency to see one's personality as constant, hereditary and resistant to change, while the environmental influence is minimal. Therefore, nomotetic approaches state that the way in which a person/personality will act under certain circumstances can be calculated and anticipated, foreseen. The conclusion lies in the fact that one's personality is constant and psychologically measurable.

Idiographic approaches are more orientated towards understanding the idea of the unique nature of every man and the self development. Personality development is seen as a continual change process. The specialists that believe in idiographic development of personality state that individuals react and response differently to the environment and to the people around them. Therefore, the interaction between the self and the social and cultural environment has an important role in a personality forming. A general evaluation of personality is not a proper method for psychology and this does not offer the adequate means for understanding the unique ways in which a person sees and responses to the world. In a nutshell, one's personality is adaptable, changeable, unique and cannot be psychologically measurable.

The complementary approaches are traced somewhere in the middle, between the nomotetic and idiographic ones. This is where we can include Freud's famous theory about the three constituents of one's personality: the ID, the ego and the superego. Freud's theory belongs to the idiographic approach as it comprises the idea of personal growth and development, but he does not agree with the fact that personality can be modified after childhood is over.

What do you think about that? Do you consider yourselves the unaltered copy of your parents, do you have constant and expected reactions to events, have your affective and behavioral features been "agreed on" during childhood and since then you haven't changed at all? I for one think that all of the above theories have their true sides and their false ones�and, anyway, in an uncertain world like the one we are living in, the way in which we think and behave under certain situations is likely (please notice the fact that I am not a hundred percent sure) to be the most uncertain of all.

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READER COMMENTS:


Comment #1 by: kumargdk on 03 Jul 2006, 06:54 UTC reply to this comment

its a good article i prefer everyone to read it


Comment #2 by: Manoj on 28 Sep 2008, 12:42 UTC reply to this comment

This article is really helpfull.


Comment #3 by: hayleyemma on 12 Apr 2009, 02:23 UTC reply to this comment

a useful article, although many generalisations are made... perhaps go a little easier on the modality of some statements.

for example, "...a person that is fond of reading or any other form of art will behave more elegantly than someone that does not manifest any interest in culture. Obviously, the latter will be more insensitive and will have a more violent behavior than the former..."

is this based on scientific research? if so, it should be stated... if not, this statement is a little bold if unfounded.

sorry to be nit-picky. this is rather a useful article.

Comment #3.1 by: thinkso on 26 May 2011, 07:15 GMT

yeah, agree with you.
you dont have to be interested in art to be elegant...obviously makes it sound like a fact


Comment #4 by: Jonathan Duran on 12 May 2009, 21:33 UTC reply to this comment

Although the basic conclusion of the author isn't without merit, this article is rather useless. Please give citation, scientific data or studies, or anything to back up you claims. Otherwise, this is just one person's opinion, and not well stated at that.


Comment #5 by: isabelle on 26 Jun 2009, 01:51 UTC reply to this comment

this is such a great article and i really agree!!!;)


Comment #6 by: Sinead on 11 Sep 2009, 15:21 UTC reply to this comment

Saying that people who read and like art are "more elegant" seems kind of ridiculous, no offense meant. I'm sure as hell not elegant, but I love art and would die without books. And people who don't read or appreciate art aren't neccessarily violent or insensitive. That's a bit farfetched.
I wish this had been an actually reliable source with proof rather than assumptions or "theories", though theories seem to make up much of the information in social science.
I really needed this for research and now I have to go look for actual facts. Never getting those ten minutes of my life back, but thanks. It was helpful in the sense that it's thought provoking. Next time, please add proof, 'cause this was perfect for what I needed, but is now useless.


Comment #7 by: surendra on 13 Nov 2009, 14:52 UTC reply to this comment

Perfect statement

"Therefore, heredity establishes the limits of one's personality traits that can be developed, while the environment - represented by the cultural, social and situational factors - influence the actual development within the limits. "

i have been trying to tell my lecturer that this so...and he just would not listen...


Comment #8 by: Joy on 25 Nov 2009, 10:20 UTC reply to this comment

The interrelationship of heredity and environment in the development of a whole person cannot be underestimated. Heredity provides the general ingredients where environment can develop. Environment cannot go beyond what is provided for by heredity. Heredity therefore sets the limits of the development of the individual.


Comment #9 by: mary on 19 Jan 2010, 01:41 UTC reply to this comment

i think there should be more info :( sorry


Comment #10 by: Mira on 02 Mar 2010, 17:36 UTC reply to this comment

Me and my friends love books, music, and things from other cultures. But we are generally insensitive to eachother physically. For example: I hit my guy friends on the back of the head when I say hi to them. If I was a guy this would not seem very strange. I am not a guy. I also am a total clutz. Not elegant at all.
My grandma also tells me that I act like her mother...
whom I have only met once. It goes without saying that there are in fact many parts in the human genome that have no part in genetic structure or design. There is no confirmation on this but it might be that the remaining genes are meant for aspects of a person that cannot be physically examined or explained.
And that was my little rant about genetics. This entire article just proved my bio teacher wrong. : )


Comment #11 by: Gerry on 18 Mar 2010, 06:10 UTC reply to this comment

I believe the personalities are for the most part, hereditary. Medical influences - or carry-overs from either parent may be obvious in the child. Whereas I believe also, personality traits can be modified after childhood. When the individual may be influenced in his developmental years to act / perform / think one way, he may opt to evaluate himself and, over time, recondition himself to conduct self, act, think, or be influential in an absolute opposite manner.

Gerry.


Comment #12 by: Tl on 14 Apr 2010, 21:44 UTC reply to this comment

Gerry's on the right track, glad i wasn't the only one with that theory.


Comment #13 by: blazing blade on 18 Aug 2010, 17:12 UTC reply to this comment

im thinking the complamentary theory is closist 2 what actualy happens


Comment #14 by: Robyn on 29 Aug 2010, 13:53 UTC reply to this comment

I agree with the general tenor of most of the responses (that heredity is the dominant factor), but perhaps have a different way of expressing the idea.

First, I would dispense with the Kantian terms "nomotetic" (sic) and "idiographic". They unnecessarily complicate matters. I think the less esoteric and more commonplace words "nature" and "nurture" suffice.

Second, I don't think that it advances our thinking on the subject to say that our personalities result from both our inherited characteristics and our experiences. This much seems self-evident. What would be illuminating would be to discuss in what way these two elements contribute to creating personality.

You state in the beginning of your article that our personalities are unique. This suggests that the predominant factor in personality formation is heredity since, if it were otherwise, we would expect persons with similar environments to display similar personalities.
Consider also that personality differences are evident in infants, and that these differences tend to persist through life regardless of experience.

Humans are far more adaptible than other animals. Some anthropologists consider it the hallmark of our species. This means that we learn prodigiously from our experiences. But how are does this learning affect personality?

Emotion and cognition are bound together to produce behavior that is both intelligent and motivated, so learning cannot be separated strictly into one or the other category. But some learning tends to be more cognitive (like how to fish for ants, locate water, and make a stone tool), while other learning tends to be more emotional (like social skills).

Neither type of learning seems to change our innate predispositions, but they do affect how we behave. That, I believe, is the key difference between how nature and nurture operate. What we inherit is a predispositional substrate while what we learn affects how those predispositions are expressed in our behavior. Nature defines and experience inflects.

Concessions to nature are often reluctantly accepted by society because it seems to diminish our "free will" - a belief that many hold dear. But that's another story.







The observation that personality results from a combination of nurture and nature is self-evident and does not extend our understanding of the situation. Discerning in what ways nature and nurture contribute


Comment #15 by: Bhs-Student. on 31 Aug 2010, 01:48 UTC reply to this comment

Thank you for this article. It really helped me with my report. Thanks.


Comment #16 by: rozi on 07 Sep 2010, 12:26 UTC reply to this comment

this article is quite intersting and good summerization of ones personality.


Comment #17 by: ernie on 13 Sep 2010, 14:18 UTC reply to this comment

I believe that you inherit your train of thinking, but you adapt to society.

Comment #17.1 by: Ll900 on 21 Nov 2011, 21:58 GMT

Good way to say it! I agree, that seems true.


Comment #18 by: mgzone on 08 Jun 2011, 09:06 UTC reply to this comment

i think genetics has everything to do with ones personality for instance, a child born from a parent who is an alcoholic may portray a mischieviors behavior. perhaps is because he might have inheritated these traits from his drunkard parent. there also things that are visible in ones personality that are exactily those of the parent or grant parent.

Comment #18.1 by: Anonymous on 07 Oct 2011, 21:31 GMT

I highly doubt that.

I'm the polar opposite of my parents, grandparents, my cousins, and my brother in opinions, morals, reactions, what I care about, etc. You name it, I'm just the opposite.

If you're right, I'm an extraterrestrial or adopted, and I'm neither of those. Not bashing you at all, but I don't necessarily respect your thought on the matter. Now, my parents would've, but I'm not them. Just saying.


Comment #19 by: john on 14 Jun 2011, 20:58 UTC reply to this comment

cheers


Comment #20 by: jessie on 22 Jun 2011, 11:24 UTC reply to this comment

thank you its help me alot......

Comment #20.1 by: avnish on 17 Sep 2011, 07:56 GMT

I read article and found very useful.


Comment #21 by: ayunee on 07 Nov 2011, 12:46 UTC reply to this comment

personality depends upon the guideness becoz widout a good guideness aq proper personality cannot be formed.

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